🔹 Python Data Types

Python has several built-in data types that define the kind of value a variable can hold.

📌 Built-in Data Types in Python

Category	Data Type	Example
Numeric	int	x = 10
	float	y = 3.14
	complex	z = 2 + 3j
Boolean	bool	status = True
Sequence	str	name = "Alice"
	list	numbers = [1, 2, 3]
	tuple	coords = (4, 5)
	range	range(5)
Set Types	set	{1, 2, 3}
	frozenset	frozenset([1, 2, 3])
Mapping	dict	{"name": "Alice", "age": 25}
Binary	bytes	b"hello"
	bytearray	bytearray(5)
	memoryview	memoryview(bytes(5))
None Type	NoneType	x = None

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🔹 Type Conversion (Type Casting)

Python allows implicit and explicit type conversion.

1️⃣ Implicit Type Conversion (Automatic)

Python automatically converts one data type to another without losing information.

✅ Example: Implicit Conversion

a = 10  # int
b = 2.5  # float

result = a + b  # int + float → float
print(result)  # Output: 12.5
print(type(result))  # Output: <class 'float'>

✅ Python automatically converted int to float.

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2️⃣ Explicit Type Conversion (Manual)

You can manually convert data types using type casting functions.

📌 Common Type Conversion Functions

Function	Converts To	Example
int(x)	Integer	int(3.5) → 3
float(x)	Float	float(10) → 10.0
str(x)	String	str(100) → "100"
bool(x)	Boolean	bool(1) → True
list(x)	List	list("abc") → ['a', 'b', 'c']
tuple(x)	Tuple	tuple([1, 2, 3]) → (1, 2, 3)
set(x)	Set	set([1, 2, 2, 3]) → {1, 2, 3}
dict(x)	Dictionary	dict([(1, 'a'), (2, 'b')]) → {1: 'a', 2: 'b'}
frozenset(x)	Frozen Set	frozenset([1, 2, 3])

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📌 Examples of Explicit Conversion

Converting float to int (Data Loss)

x = 9.8
y = int(x)  # Converts float to int
print(y)  # Output: 9

❗ Note: The decimal part is lost when converting float to int.

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Converting int to float

x = 5
y = float(x)  # Converts int to float
print(y)  # Output: 5.0

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Converting str to int

x = "100"
y = int(x)  # Converts string to int
print(y + 10)  # Output: 110

❌ Invalid Example:

x = "abc"
y = int(x)  # ❌ Error! "abc" cannot be converted to an integer.

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Converting list to tuple

my_list = [1, 2, 3]
my_tuple = tuple(my_list)
print(my_tuple)  # Output: (1, 2, 3)

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Converting list to set (Removes Duplicates)

my_list = [1, 2, 2, 3]
my_set = set(my_list)
print(my_set)  # Output: {1, 2, 3}

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🔹 Boolean Conversion

Python treats some values as True and some as False when converting to bool.

Truthy Values (Converted to True)

✅ Any non-zero number, non-empty string, non-empty list/set/dict.

print(bool(5))     # Output: True
print(bool(-10))   # Output: True
print(bool("hello")) # Output: True
print(bool([1, 2])) # Output: True

Falsy Values (Converted to False)

❌ 0, None, "" (empty string), [] (empty list), {} (empty dict).

print(bool(0))     # Output: False
print(bool(None))  # Output: False
print(bool(""))    # Output: False
print(bool([]))    # Output: False

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✅ Summary

Type Conversion	Example	Result
int(3.5)	3.5 → int	3
float(10)	10 → float	10.0
str(100)	100 → str	"100"
list("abc")	"abc" → list	['a', 'b', 'c']
tuple([1,2,3])	[1,2,3] → tuple	(1,2,3)
set([1,2,2,3])	[1,2,2,3] → set	{1,2,3}
bool(0)	0 → bool	False
bool("Hello")	"Hello" → bool	True

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🎯 Final Thoughts

• Python automatically converts types (implicit conversion) where possible.
• Explicit type conversion (type casting) is required when mixing incompatible types.
• Some conversions may result in data loss, e.g., float → int.

Would you like examples of real-world scenarios using type conversion? 😊