Python provides powerful built-in data types and operations. Let’s explore:

1. Sequences in Python
2. Number Operations
3. String Operations
4. Collections (Lists, Tuples, Sets, Dictionaries)

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1️⃣ Sequences in Python

A sequence is an ordered collection of items. Python has several built-in sequence types:

Sequence Type	Mutable?	Indexed?	Example
List (list)	✅ Yes	✅ Yes	[1, 2, 3]
Tuple (tuple)	❌ No	✅ Yes	(1, 2, 3)
String (str)	❌ No	✅ Yes	"hello"
Range (range)	❌ No	✅ Yes	range(5) → 0,1,2,3,4

✅ Example:

my_list = [10, 20, 30]  # List
my_tuple = (10, 20, 30)  # Tuple
my_string = "Python"  # String
my_range = range(3)  # Range (0,1,2)

print(my_list[1])  # Output: 20
print(my_tuple[2])  # Output: 30
print(my_string[0])  # Output: P
print(list(my_range))  # Output: [0, 1, 2]

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2️⃣ Number Operations in Python

✔️ Numeric Types in Python

Type	Description	Example
int	Whole numbers	5, -100, 2000
float	Decimal numbers	3.14, -2.5, 0.01
complex	Complex numbers	3 + 4j, -1 - 2j

✅ Example:

a = 10      # Integer
b = 3.14    # Float
c = 2 + 3j  # Complex number

print(type(a))  # Output: <class 'int'>
print(type(b))  # Output: <class 'float'>
print(type(c))  # Output: <class 'complex'>

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✔️ Mathematical Operations

Operator	Description	Example
+	Addition	5 + 3 = 8
-	Subtraction	10 - 3 = 7
*	Multiplication	4 * 2 = 8
/	Division	7 / 2 = 3.5
//	Floor Division	7 // 2 = 3
%	Modulus (Remainder)	7 % 2 = 1
**	Exponentiation	2 ** 3 = 8

✅ Example:

x = 10
y = 3

print(x + y)  # Output: 13
print(x // y)  # Output: 3 (Floor Division)
print(x ** y)  # Output: 1000 (10^3)

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✔️ Built-in Math Functions

Function	Description	Example
abs(x)	Absolute value	abs(-5) → 5
pow(x, y)	Power calculation	pow(2, 3) → 8
round(x, n)	Rounds to n decimal places	round(3.14159, 2) → 3.14
min(a, b, c)	Smallest number	min(4, 9, 1) → 1
max(a, b, c)	Largest number	max(4, 9, 1) → 9

✅ Example:

print(abs(-10))  # Output: 10
print(pow(3, 2))  # Output: 9
print(round(3.456, 2))  # Output: 3.46

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3️⃣ String Operations in Python

A string is an immutable sequence of characters.

✅ Example:

s = "Hello, Python!"
print(s[0])  # Output: H (Indexing)
print(s[-1])  # Output: ! (Negative Indexing)
print(s[0:5])  # Output: Hello (Slicing)

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✔️ Common String Methods

Method	Description	Example
upper()	Converts to uppercase	"hello".upper() → "HELLO"
lower()	Converts to lowercase	"HELLO".lower() → "hello"
strip()	Removes whitespace	" hello ".strip() → "hello"
replace(a, b)	Replaces a with b	"apple".replace('a', 'o') → "opple"
split(x)	Splits string by x	"a,b,c".split(',') → ['a', 'b', 'c']

✅ Example:

text = "  Python is Fun  "
print(text.strip())  # Output: "Python is Fun"
print(text.replace("Python", "Java"))  # Output: "  Java is Fun  "
print(text.split())  # Output: ['Python', 'is', 'Fun']

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4️⃣ Collections in Python

✔️ Lists (Mutable, Ordered)

✅ Example:

my_list = [10, 20, 30]
my_list.append(40)  # Adds element
my_list.remove(20)  # Removes element
print(my_list)  # Output: [10, 30, 40]

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✔️ Tuples (Immutable, Ordered)

✅ Example:

my_tuple = (1, 2, 3)
print(my_tuple[0])  # Output: 1

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✔️ Sets (Mutable, Unordered, Unique Elements)

✅ Example:

my_set = {1, 2, 3, 2}
my_set.add(4)  # Adds element
print(my_set)  # Output: {1, 2, 3, 4}

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✔️ Dictionaries (Key-Value Pairs)

✅ Example:

my_dict = {"name": "Alice", "age": 25}
print(my_dict["name"])  # Output: Alice

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🔹 Summary Table

Concept	Key Points
Sequences	Ordered collections (lists, tuples, strings, ranges)
Numbers	Integer, float, complex, mathematical operations
Strings	Immutable, indexing, slicing, built-in methods
Collections	Lists (mutable), Tuples (immutable), Sets (unique), Dictionaries (key-value pairs)

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