Python provides a rich set of built-in functions that perform common operations without requiring external libraries. These functions are categorized as follows:

---

1️⃣ Input/Output Functions

These functions help with user input and displaying output.

Function	Description	Example
print()	Prints to console	print("Hello World")
input()	Takes user input	name = input("Enter name: ")
format()	Formats output	print("My name is {}".format("Alice"))

✅ Example:

name = input("Enter your name: ")
print("Hello", name)

---

2️⃣ Type Conversion Functions

Convert data from one type to another.

Function	Description	Example
int(x)	Converts x to an integer	int("10") → 10
float(x)	Converts x to a float	float("10.5") → 10.5
str(x)	Converts x to a string	str(100) → "100"
bool(x)	Converts x to a boolean	bool(0) → False
list(x)	Converts x to a list	list("abc") → ['a', 'b', 'c']
tuple(x)	Converts x to a tuple	tuple([1,2,3]) → (1,2,3)
set(x)	Converts x to a set	set([1,2,2,3]) → {1,2,3}

✅ Example:

num = "100"
converted_num = int(num)
print(type(converted_num))  # Output: <class 'int'>

---

3️⃣ Mathematical Functions

Perform mathematical operations.

Function	Description	Example
abs(x)	Absolute value	abs(-5) → 5
pow(x, y)	x raised to the power y	pow(2, 3) → 8
round(x, n)	Rounds x to n decimal places	round(3.14159, 2) → 3.14
max(iterable)	Finds the largest value	max([1,2,3]) → 3
min(iterable)	Finds the smallest value	min([1,2,3]) → 1
sum(iterable)	Sums values in an iterable	sum([1,2,3]) → 6

✅ Example:

print(abs(-10))        # Output: 10
print(pow(3, 2))       # Output: 9
print(round(3.14159, 2))  # Output: 3.14

---

4️⃣ Sequence and Collection Functions

Functions for working with lists, tuples, and sets.

Function	Description	Example
len(x)	Returns length of sequence	len("hello") → 5
sorted(x)	Returns sorted sequence	sorted([3,1,2]) → [1,2,3]
reversed(x)	Returns reversed sequence	list(reversed([1,2,3])) → [3,2,1]
enumerate(x)	Returns index-value pairs	list(enumerate("abc")) → [(0,'a'),(1,'b')]
zip(a, b)	Combines two sequences	list(zip([1,2],['a','b'])) → [(1, 'a'), (2, 'b')]

✅ Example:

names = ["Alice", "Bob", "Charlie"]
for index, name in enumerate(names):
    print(index, name)

---

5️⃣ Logical and Comparison Functions

Used for checking conditions.

Function	Description	Example
all(iterable)	Returns True if all elements are True	all([True, True, False]) → False
any(iterable)	Returns True if any element is True	any([False, False, True]) → True
bool(x)	Converts value to boolean	bool([]) → False

✅ Example:

print(all([1, 2, 3, 0]))  # Output: False (0 is False)
print(any([0, "", None, 5]))  # Output: True (5 is True)

---

6️⃣ File Handling Functions

Used for working with files.

Function	Description	Example
open(file, mode)	Opens a file	open("file.txt", "r")
read()	Reads file content	file.read()
write(str)	Writes to a file	file.write("Hello")
close()	Closes the file	file.close()

✅ Example:

file = open("test.txt", "w")
file.write("Hello, Python!")
file.close()

---

7️⃣ Object and Type Functions

Functions for checking data types.

Function	Description	Example
type(x)	Returns type of x	type(10) → <class 'int'>
isinstance(x, type)	Checks if x is of type	isinstance(10, int) → True
id(x)	Returns unique ID of x	id(10)

✅ Example:

num = 100
print(type(num))  # Output: <class 'int'>
print(isinstance(num, int))  # Output: True

---

8️⃣ Memory and Performance Functions

Used for memory-efficient programming.

Function	Description	Example
hash(x)	Returns hash value	hash("hello")
vars(x)	Returns dictionary of object’s attributes	vars(obj)
dir(x)	Lists attributes of x	dir(str)

✅ Example:

print(hash("Python"))  # Unique hash value

---

🔹 Summary Table

Category	Common Functions
Input/Output	print(), input()
Type Conversion	int(), float(), str(), list()
Math	abs(), pow(), sum(), max()
Collections	len(), sorted(), zip(), enumerate()
Logic	all(), any(), bool()
File Handling	open(), read(), write(), close()
Object Handling	type(), isinstance(), id()

---

💡 Final Thoughts

Python’s built-in functions simplify programming by providing efficient, optimized, and easy-to-use utilities. Would you like real-world use cases for any of these functions? 🚀