When defining functions in Python, you can use keyword arguments and optional parameters to make function calls more flexible.

---

1️⃣ Keyword Arguments (Named Arguments)

Keyword arguments allow you to specify function parameters by name when calling a function. This improves readability and eliminates the need to remember the order of parameters.

✅ Example:

def greet(name, message):
    print(f"{message}, {name}!")

# Using keyword arguments
greet(name="Alice", message="Good Morning")
greet(message="Hello", name="Bob")  # Order does not matter

Output:

Good Morning, Alice!
Hello, Bob!

👉 Why use keyword arguments?
✔️ Makes the function call more readable.
✔️ You don’t have to remember the parameter order.

---

2️⃣ Default (Optional) Parameters

A function can have default values for some parameters. If the caller does not provide a value, the function uses the default.

✅ Example:

def greet(name, message="Hello"):
    print(f"{message}, {name}!")

# Calling the function with and without the optional parameter
greet("Alice")  # Uses default message
greet("Bob", "Good Morning")  # Overrides default message

Output:

Hello, Alice!
Good Morning, Bob!

👉 Why use default parameters?
✔️ Makes parameters optional.
✔️ Avoids errors when arguments are missing.

---

3️⃣ Combining Positional, Keyword, and Default Arguments

You can mix positional and keyword arguments in a function.

✅ Example:

def describe_pet(name, species="dog"):
    print(f"{name} is a {species}.")

describe_pet("Buddy")  # Uses default species
describe_pet("Whiskers", "cat")  # Overrides default species
describe_pet(species="rabbit", name="Thumper")  # Keyword arguments

Output:

Buddy is a dog.
Whiskers is a cat.
Thumper is a rabbit.

---

4️⃣ Using *args (Variable-Length Positional Arguments)

If you don’t know the number of arguments beforehand, use *args to accept multiple values.

✅ Example:

def add_numbers(*args):
    return sum(args)

print(add_numbers(1, 2, 3))       # Output: 6
print(add_numbers(4, 5, 6, 7, 8))  # Output: 30

👉 Why use *args?
✔️ Allows passing multiple values.
✔️ Handles dynamic arguments.

---

5️⃣ Using **kwargs (Variable-Length Keyword Arguments)

**kwargs allows passing multiple keyword arguments as a dictionary.

✅ Example:

def person_info(**kwargs):
    for key, value in kwargs.items():
        print(f"{key}: {value}")

person_info(name="Alice", age=25, city="New York")

Output:

name: Alice
age: 25
city: New York

👉 Why use **kwargs?
✔️ Allows flexible keyword arguments.
✔️ Useful for passing configurations.

---

6️⃣ Function with *args and **kwargs Together

You can combine *args and **kwargs in a function.

✅ Example:

def display_info(*args, **kwargs):
    print("Positional arguments:", args)
    print("Keyword arguments:", kwargs)

display_info(1, 2, 3, name="Alice", age=25)

Output:

Positional arguments: (1, 2, 3)
Keyword arguments: {'name': 'Alice', 'age': 25}

---

🔹 Summary Table

Concept	Description	Example
Keyword Arguments	Specify parameters by name	greet(name="Alice", message="Hi")
Default Parameters	Provide default values for parameters	def greet(name, msg="Hello"):
*args	Allows multiple positional arguments	def add(*args):
**kwargs	Allows multiple keyword arguments	def info(**kwargs):
Mixing *args and **kwargs	Handles both positional and keyword arguments	def display(*args, **kwargs):

Would you like real-world examples using these concepts? 🚀