Operators in Python & Operator Precedence

🔹 What are Operators in Python?

Operators are symbols that perform operations on variables and values.

Example:

x = 10 + 5  # '+' is an operator

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🔹 Types of Operators in Python

Python provides the following categories of operators:

Category	Operators	Example
Arithmetic	+ - * / % // **	5 + 2 = 7
Comparison	== != > < >= <=	10 > 5 → True
Logical	and or not	True and False → False
Bitwise	`&	^ ~ << >>`
Assignment	`= += -= *= /= %= //= **= &=	= ^= >>= <<= `
Identity	is, is not	x is y
Membership	in, not in	'a' in 'apple' → True

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1️⃣ Arithmetic Operators

These are used for mathematical operations.

Operator	Description	Example
+	Addition	5 + 3 = 8
-	Subtraction	5 - 3 = 2
*	Multiplication	5 * 3 = 15
/	Division (Float)	5 / 2 = 2.5
//	Floor Division	5 // 2 = 2
%	Modulus (Remainder)	5 % 2 = 1
**	Exponentiation	2 ** 3 = 8

✅ Example:

a = 10
b = 3
print(a + b)  # Output: 13
print(a // b)  # Output: 3 (Floor Division)
print(a ** b)  # Output: 1000 (10^3)

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2️⃣ Comparison Operators

These return True or False based on conditions.

Operator	Description	Example
==	Equal to	5 == 5 → True
!=	Not equal to	5 != 3 → True
>	Greater than	5 > 3 → True
<	Less than	5 < 3 → False
>=	Greater than or equal	5 >= 5 → True
<=	Less than or equal	5 <= 3 → False

✅ Example:

x = 10
y = 20
print(x < y)  # Output: True
print(x == y)  # Output: False

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3️⃣ Logical Operators

These combine multiple conditions.

Operator	Description	Example
and	Returns True if both conditions are True	(5 > 3) and (10 > 5) → True
or	Returns True if at least one condition is True	(5 > 3) or (10 < 5) → True
not	Negates a condition	not(5 > 3) → False

✅ Example:

a = 10
b = 5
c = 20

print(a > b and c > a)  # Output: True
print(a > c or b < c)  # Output: True
print(not(a > b))  # Output: False

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4️⃣ Bitwise Operators

Used to manipulate bits.

Operator	Description	Example (5 = 0101, 3 = 0011)
&	AND (Bitwise)	5 & 3 → 0001 (1)
`	`	OR (Bitwise)
^	XOR (Bitwise)	5 ^ 3 → 0110 (6)
~	NOT (Bitwise)	~5 → -6
<<	Left Shift	5 << 1 → 1010 (10)
>>	Right Shift	5 >> 1 → 0010 (2)

✅ Example:

x = 5  # 0101 in binary
y = 3  # 0011 in binary

print(x & y)  # Output: 1 (0001)
print(x | y)  # Output: 7 (0111)
print(x ^ y)  # Output: 6 (0110)
print(x << 1)  # Output: 10 (1010)
print(x >> 1)  # Output: 2 (0010)

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5️⃣ Assignment Operators

Used to assign values to variables.

Operator	Example	Equivalent To
=	x = 5	x = 5
+=	x += 3	x = x + 3
-=	x -= 2	x = x - 2
*=	x *= 4	x = x * 4
/=	x /= 2	x = x / 2
%=	x %= 3	x = x % 3

✅ Example:

x = 10
x += 5  # x = x + 5
print(x)  # Output: 15

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6️⃣ Identity Operators

Used to compare memory locations of objects.

Operator	Example	Description
is	x is y	True if both refer to the same object
is not	x is not y	True if not the same object

✅ Example:

a = [1, 2, 3]
b = a
c = [1, 2, 3]

print(a is b)  # True (same object)
print(a is c)  # False (different objects)
print(a == c)  # True (same values)

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7️⃣ Membership Operators

Check if a value exists in a sequence (list, tuple, string, etc.).

Operator	Example	Description
in	'a' in 'apple'	True if exists
not in	'x' not in 'abc'	True if not exists

✅ Example:

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
print("banana" in fruits)  # True
print("grape" not in fruits)  # True

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🔹 Operator Precedence

Python follows precedence rules when multiple operators are used.

Operator	Precedence (Highest to Lowest)
()	Parentheses (Highest)
**	Exponentiation
* / // %	Multiplication, Division, Modulus
+ -	Addition, Subtraction
<< >>	Bitwise shifts
&	Bitwise AND
^	Bitwise XOR
`	`
== != > <	Comparison
and or not	Logical Operators
= += -=	Assignment (Lowest)

Would you like more examples on operator precedence? 🚀